Building and construction materials
Building materials are the materials which are used for construction purposes. Several naturally occurring substances like rocks or sand or clay, wood and even the leaves and twigs, are used to construct buildings and for other construction purposes. Besides these naturally occurring materials, several man made products are also in use, where some of them are more synthetic while others are less synthetic.
The manufacturing process of these building materials surrounds an established industry in several countries and the use of such materials is typically categorised into specific specialty trades like those of insulation, carpentry, roofing work, and plumbing.
‘Mohaves’ group in a brush Hut
Brush structure is built totally from the parts of plant and were even used in primitive cultures like the Native Americans or the pygmy people of Africa. They are built with branches, leaves and twigs and bark that are quite similar to the Beaver’s lodge. They were named in varied ways like lean-tos, wikiups and so on.
Extensions on the brush building idea is a wattle and daub process where clay soils or cow dung are used for filling in and covering a woven brush structure. Hence, it gives the brush structure more thermal strength and mass. Wattle and daub is recognised as one of the oldest building techniques. Several old timber frame buildings are known to incorporate wattle and daub as the non-load bearing walls in between the timber frames.
Clay and mud
Buildings made up of clay are usually categorised in two distinct types. One of those types is- when the walls are built directly using the mud mixture and the other one is- when the walls are built by stacking air dried mud bricks, also known as building blocks.
There are several uses of clay in building. One of them is- it being combined with straws in order to create a light clay, wattle and daub as well as mud plaster.
Walls made of wet -laid clay
Damp or the wet laid walls are made up by using the clay mixture or mud either directly without forming any blocks or drying them first. The type and amount of each material in the mixture used, leads to the different styles of buildings, where the deciding factor is dependent on the quality of the soil that is being used. Large amounts of clay gets employed in the buildings with cob, whereas the low clay soil is generally connected with the sod roof construction or the sod house. The other basic ingredients include more or less of the gravel or sand and grasses or the straw.
Clay and soil provides quite good thermal mass and hence, it is good at keeping the temperature at a constant level. Houses that are built with earth, are naturally cool in summers and warm in cold weather. Clay holds up the cold or heat, which releases it over a period of time such as stone.
Structural clay bricks and blocks
Compressed earth block is a modern type of brick that is used for building purposes more often in an industrialised society as the building blocks may also be manufactured off site that too in a centralised position at a brickwork and is then transported to the multiple building locations. These blocks are capable of being monetized very easily and sold.
Structural bricks made of mud, are almost usually made up of clay, where the clay soil and a binder are the only ingredients that are used. Other ingredients may also be there, including lime, stone, concrete, other binders and stone. This compressed block is then air dried and may be laid dry or with clay slip or a mortar.
Sand
Sand is used with lime or even cement in order to make a mortar for masonry work or plaster. It is also used as a part of concrete mix. A basic low cost building material in countries with a high sand content in soil is the ‘Sandcrete’ block that is quite cheaper than the fired clay bricks.
Rock or stone
Rock structures are known to exist since the historic times. It is one of the long lasting building materials available and is generally readily available.
The materiality of a building is what our body makes a direct contact with , the warm wooden wall, the cold metal handle and the hard glass window will surely create a totally different atmosphere if it would have been a hard glass handle or a warm wooden window or a cold metal wall. The materiality of a building is of as much importance as form, location or function or is inseparable from all the three.
The city skylines are exploded out of steel which is commonly used for reinforcement but serves as a beautiful skin in several examples. Although plastics may seem a cheaper and an unsustainable material, the possibility that it holds, is simply not to be judged. We all know that we produce so much of it so we should learn to recycle that in the form of bio-plastics or architecture. Now, plastics are considered as a run-down because of their major uses in the field of architecture as per the American chemistry council which had a great overview of plastics.
One of the most used material in buildings in order to achieve the transparency and light is undoubtedly a glass which is one of the most commonly used elements in the field of contemporary architecture. Some have attempted to extend properties of glass to create an intelligent responsive glass.
Kevlar
‘Kevlar’, which is a material quite stronger than the metal body Armour with an awesome tensile strength, it is surely an asset when a large building structures. It could have reformed the way we think about the large load bearing structures with the less rigid composition than the steel. Kevlar, being a quite new material contains a few comprehensive information sources on its architectural applications.
Carbon fibre
If we reflect upon everything about the new material endeavors, it is none other than the carbon fibre. The carbon fibre is five times stronger than the steel, and twice as stiff and weighs significantly less. The composition of carbon fibre is made in such a way that its flexibility to work allows it to take ships from several services to roads, based on your requirements.
Photovoltaic cells
With all that have been the high rise soaring above the earth, it would be a wonder that the photovoltaic facades has not yet become a norm. Due to the evolution of these photovoltaic technology, it has made it easy for the sales to no longer have to be locked in any place on the roof.
Earth is recognised as one of the oldest building materials. It is known for its universal accessibility and its relative use at even smaller scales. Earth is capable of getting compressed into modules and creating free form surfaces, which ultimately returns to the earth easily.
Waste
Undoubtedly, we generate a huge amount of waste which covers up a huge range of materials, but knowing about your waste is a great idea for the future architects. Is it converting cigarette butts into the building material? Or other plastic bottles acting as the earthquake resistant walls? In such cases, recycling is the solution that needs to be thought upon as well as admired.
Straw
To create a passive thermal environment as a shield from the rain and then blending them into same natural surroundings is a few things that the straw is used at. This is one of the reasons for the thatched roofs being so popular in the past.
Organic materials
With the increasing massive loss of habitats all around the world, knowing about the organic structures which is created by the animals, is something that would be best to do sooner rather than being late. We can learn from their use of such materials, and also that it opens up the opportunities for us too, to coexist by the incorporation of their organic materials into our architecture, specifically building.
Just like any other material, accessibility and cost do play an important role and it gives an assurity that the materials which are not in the list above would be a very basic or an obvious option in several parts of the world.
Construction
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Other building materials
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Insulation
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